Internet Info 1994 March/Internet Info CD-ROM (Walnut Creek) (March 1994).iso/answers/rec/radio/monitoring/shortwave-faq

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From: [e-mail] (Ralph Brandi)
Subject: Welcome to rec.radio.shortwave (Shortwave)
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Summary: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about international
         shortwave broadcasting and necessary equipment for listeners.
         Please read before posting questions.
         This article is posted monthly.
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Archive-name: radio/monitoring/shortwave-faq

[Last modified: February 1, 1994]

By Ralph Brandi, [e-mail]
128 Greenoak Blvd., Middletown, NJ 07748 U.S.A.

[Note from the author--This article is posted monthly on the USENET groups
rec.radio.shortwave and rec.radio.info.  It is also available electronically
on CompuServe, America Online, the ANARC BBS, the WELL, from the
rec.radio.shortwave ftp archive on ftp.funet.fi, the official Usenet FAQ
library rtfm.mit.edu, and from the radio archive on ftp.cs.buffalo.edu, and in
print from the ARRL. If you find this article somewhere else and/or find it
useful, I would appreciate if you could drop me a postcard or send me e-mail
letting me know where you found it, what the Last modified date on the copy
you have is, and if you have any suggestions to make the article more helpful.
 If you don't find it useful, I'd like to hear about that as well.]


This posting contains answers to the following questions:

o What is shortwave radio?
o Where can I find broadcasts by Radio Foobar?
o Where can I find a list of broadcasts in the English language?
o What kind of receiver should I get?
o Where can I get a shortwave radio?
o Could you explain the frequencies used?  What's the 40 meter band? etc.
o What is SINPO/SIO?
o Why can't I receive all of the broadcasts listed in Monitoring
  Times/WRTH/Passport/etc.?
o What are some books or other resources that can help me get started?
o Where can I find further information?


o What is shortwave radio?

From a purely technical point of view, shortwave radio refers to those
frequencies between 3 and 30 MHz.  Their main characteristic is their ability
to "propagate" for long distances, making possible such worldwide
communications as international broadcasting and coordination of long-distance
shipping.

From a social point of view, shortwave radio is a way to find out what the
rest of the world thinks is important.  Many countries broadcast to the world
in English, making it easy to find out what a given country's position is on
those things it finds important.  Shortwave radio can also provide a way to
eavesdrop on the everyday workings of international politics and commerce.


o Where can I find broadcasts by Radio Foobar?

The World Radio TV Handbook is the standard reference for this sort of
information.  The WRTH provides SWLs (shortwave listeners) and DXers
(listeners specializing in distant [DX] and weak stations) worldwide with
virtually everything they need on frequencies, schedules and addresses.  It
comes out annually, right about the first of the year.  It covers virtually
every shortwave station in the world, and many of the medium wave (AM), FM,
and television stations as well.  The body of the book is a listing of
stations by country, with a cross-reference in the back by frequency.  It's
available from any radio store dealing in shortwave.  You can also contact the
WRTH through their publishers, Billboard.

World Radio TV Handbook 1994
ISBN 0-8230-5925-1

The past several years have seen competition of a sort for the WRTH, in the
form of Passport to World Band Radio.  Passport's main section is a
graph/table of what's on the air, by frequency.  The beginning of the book is
filled with articles of interest to the beginner.  There is also a
comprehensive review section of shortwave receivers currently available, one
of the few places all this information can be found in one place.  The book is
more useful for identifying a station you've already tuned in than for
searching out a particular transmission; the WRTH is useful at both, however,
rendering the purchase of this book not essential.  It can still be
worthwhile, though, especially for beginners who won't be put off by the "gee
whiz, look what we can listen to" tone of some of the articles.  The book is
unabashedly an advocate of making the hobby of "World Band Radio" accessible
to people who wouldn't have participated before the advent of good, cheap
portables.  There also seem to be efforts being made to address some of the
shortcomings of the book, such as a comprehensive address section (finally!)
that also contains useful information on how stations respond to
correspondence, based on the experience of other hobbyists.  Much of this
information has been difficult or impossible for hobbyists to obtain outside
of a small elite group, and provides a useful addition to the hobby.  It does
tend to weaken the focus of the book, which has previously seemed aimed at
mainly beginners.

For utility band (non-broadcast transmissions) listeners, there are a few
books that perform much the same function as the above two books, although due
to the nature of such point-to-point communication, not with the same sense of
definitiveness.

Confidential Frequency List
Published by Gilfer Shortwave

The Shortwave Directory
Published by Grove Enterprises

Klingenfuss Guide to Utility Stations
Published by Klingenfuss Publications


o Where can I find a list of broadcasts in the English language?

The World Radio TV Handbook has a list of English Language Broadcasts,
starting on page 555 of the 1994 edition.  Unfortunately, since the WRTH only
comes out once a year the data tend to go out of date fairly quickly. There
are a number of sources for current lists:

-Monitoring Times magazine carries a listing every month.

-The North American Shortwave Association (NASWA) publishes a complete listing
twice a year in their bulletin, The Journal, sent to all members monthly; each
month there are updates to the list.  See the address at the end of this
article.

-Tom Sundstrom, W2XQ, offers custom IBM PC-compatible software and a
subscription service with constantly updated electronic versions of his data
files (which are also the source for the NASWA listings, as well as forming
part of the listing in the WRTH).  The data files are in the standard dBASE
III format, capable of being imported into any software that reads DBF files,
and are distributed in a compressed self-extracting file for IBM PC users and
.ARC format for those using other operating systems. The data files are
available on the Pics OnLine BBS in Atco, New Jersey, U.S.A. ([phone]
US Robotics HST, [phone] V.32 9600 baud), or by special arrangement
with Tom on the commercial GEnie service. See the address for TRS Consultants
at the end of this file, including e-mail addresses.

-Jim Frimmel offers a HyperCard program for the Apple Macintosh that offers
both frequency schedules and program schedules for international English
language broadcasts.  Jim also offers an updating service over a simple BBS
which you get access to when you register.  The program, called Shortwave
Navigator, also offers computer control of a number of radios.  See the
address for DX Computing at the end of this file, including e-mail.

If you are interested in finding out what programs are on the air at a given
time, there are a couple of recent publications that attempt to provide
semi-comprehensive information:

-Grove Enterprises publishes *The 1993 Guide to Shortwave Programs* edited by
the Program Manager of its "Shortwave Guide" section of *Monitoring Times*,
Kannon Shanmugam along with the programming staff.

-One-man dynamo John Figliozzi produces *The Shortwave Radio Guide* each year,
for sale through the Ontario DX Association (ODXA), who do the actual
production on the book, and NASWA.


o What kind of receiver should I get?

That depends largely on what kind of listening you expect to do.  There are
two or three basic kinds of radios.  The first is the travel portable.  These
usually cost between US$30 and US$250.  Their main characteristic is their
extremely small size, making them most suitable for the person who spends a
lot of time on airplanes.  They do an adequate job of receiving the major
broadcasters, such as the BBC, the Voice of America, Radio Nederland, etc.
They are generally not capable of receiving hams, or utility transmissions,
and they do not do a good job on weak stations.  They may, therefore, not be
the best choice for expatriates wishing to listen to their home stations, for
instance, especially the less expensive radios.  Many of them also lack
frequency coverage beyond the major international broadcasting bands.  As
such, they cannot receive the channels outside the defined bands that often
provide clearer reception (due to lessened interference) of such stations as
the BBC, Kol Israel, and the Voice of Iran.

There are a few very low cost (under US$50) SW receivers that are the subject
of frequent inquiries in rec.radio.shortwave: the DAK MR-101s, and a
Chinese-built unit that is sold under (at least) the names Pomtrex, MCE, TEK,
Windsor, and Citizen.  The DAK, despite its digital tuning, has received
generally negative reviews. The Pomtrex, which is an analog unit, has had much
greater acceptance by users.  Unfortunately, the radio seems to have virtually
disappeared from the market.  A recent radio that has garnered attention is
the Casio PR-100.  Initial evidence indicates that this radio is similar to
the DAK radio.  In general, radios in this price range can be expected to
perform poorly, but may provide an inexpensive introduction to the world of
shortwave and acceptable reception of the strongest international stations.
The radios offered in this price range tend to appear and disappear quickly
and to be offered at different outlets under different names.  The radios are
pretty much interchangeable, and you probably shouldn't expend a lot of effort
trying to distinguish between them.

The second category of radios overlaps with the first, and consists of
slightly larger portables.  Common among this category are radios like the
Sangean ATS-803A, (also sold around the world as the Emerson 803A, Siemens RK
651, and many other names), a fine starter radio with many capabilities for
the inexpensive price of US$200, or the Sangean ATS-818.  These radios often
have digital readout, making it easier to know which frequency you are tuned
to, and such features as dual conversion (which decreases the possibility of
your radio receiving spurious signals from other frequencies), audio filters
(which allow you to decrease interference from stations on adjacent
frequencies) and beat frequency oscillators (which allow you to decode morse
code and single sideband (SSB) transmissions on the ham and utility bands).
The top range of this kind of radio includes technically sophisticated radios
like the Sony ICF-2010, Sony ICF-SW77, and Grundig Satellit 700, which contain
innovative circuitry to lock on to a given signal and allow you to choose the
portion of the signal you want to listen to, depending on which part gets the
least interference. If you follow the newsgroup for any amount of time, you're
bound to notice some discussion of the relative merit of these features versus
their cost (about double that of the Sangean radios.)  Many of these radios
can be and have been used to receive distant and weak stations from a number
of countries, and can provide a cost-effective way for expatriates to receive
programs from their native countries; they're also suitable for listening to
programs from the major broadcasters.  Most people should never need to buy a
more capable receiver than those in this category.

The third category of receivers is the tabletop receiver.  These receivers
cost from  US$600 upward, with a concentration of radios around  US$1000.
These radios naturally contain many more features than the portables, and are
used by serious hobbyists who specialize in rare and weak stations.  Current
radios in this group include the ICOM R-71A, the Kenwood R-5000, the Japan
Radio Corporation NRD-535 and NRD-535D, the Lowe HF-150 and HF-225, and the
Drake R-8 and SW-8.  These radios can be very complex to operate, and are
generally not recommended for the beginner. Radios from the first two
categories can give a beginner a very good idea of what's on the air and where
their interests lie, at which point one of these radios may be an appropriate
acquisition.  Strangely enough, not all of these radios contain the kind of
innovative circuitry that are part of less expensive portables like the Sony
2010 mentioned above.  Newer radios, such as the NRD-535D, the Lowe radios,
and the R-8 are starting to include such capabilities.

It must be mentioned that none of these radios, particularly the expensive
ones, are "magic boxes" that will allow you to receive any station you wish.
Many people find that the jump in performance between a high-end portable
radio and a tabletop is more than offset by the increase in price.  You should
also understand that buying a tabletop radio will not likely allow you to hear
many more stations than a high-end portable.  The main difference between
high-end portables and tabletop radios are in reduced susceptibility to
internally-generated signals, the ability to modify the audio through the use
of filters to reduce interference, the ability to tune more finely (for
example, 10 Hz increments rather than 100 Hz or 1000 Hz increments), and the
stability of the radio, or its tendency to drift from the desired frequency.
People have often purchased an expensive communications receiver only to
realize that a simpler-to-operate portable was better suited to their
interests and style of listening.

There are many sources for detailed information on specific radios, most of it
provided by two groups.  Larry Magne, who publishes the Passport to World Band
Radio, includes a review of virtually all shortwave radios currently available
in that publication.  For more extensive reviews of selected receivers, he
offers detailed "white papers", which run between ten and twenty pages or so.
Magne also contributes a monthly review column to Monitoring Times.

The other main source for equipment reviews is a group centered around Radio
Nederland and the WRTH in Holland.  The WRTH, as mentioned above, has a review
section covering mainly new receivers, but also contains a table with ratings
of most currently available radios.  Radio Nederland also offers a free
booklet with receiver reviews.  The WRTH has also released a new book, *The
WRTH Equipment Buyers Guide*, available from the end of 1992. The book
contains extended versions of the reports available in the previous five years
of the WRTH, as well as new and updated reports.  It also contains information
on accessories and antennas, as well as a fairly technical tutorial on
receivers.

There are also two books published by Gilfer Shortwave in New Jersey that
cover the subject of receivers, called *Radio Receivers, Chance or Choice*,
and *More Radio Receivers, Chance or Choice*.  These books are fairly out of
date now.

The Sony ICF-2010, Drake R-8, and Lowe HF-150 have Internet mailing lists
devoted to discussions of their features among users.  Joining these mailing
lists can be a good way to keep up on modifications or workarounds for your
radio.  They tend to be quiet most of the time, with occasional bursts of
activity.  You can join the mailing lists with requests to the following
addresses:

Sony ICF-2010: [e-mail]
Drake R-8: [e-mail]
Lowe HF-150 (or other Lowe radios): [e-mail]


o Where can I get a shortwave radio?

Many stereo stores and discount chains carry the Sony and Panasonic lines of
receivers; the people there, however, generally don't know much about
shortwave, and you're not likely to find many accessories there.  Mail order
stereo sources like J&R Music or 47th Street Photo in New York generally give
the cheapest prices, but have the same problem.  There are lists available on
the photography newsgroups that can indicate whether a given store of this
type is reliable and provides acceptable service.  More knowledgeable, and
falling roughly between the two in price, are the mail order houses that
specialize in ham and/or shortwave radio.  Many of them offer catalogs that
contain useful tips for the beginner.  Addresses for some of the better-known
and respected businesses in the U.S. can be found at the end of this article.


o Could you explain the frequencies used?  What's the 49 meter band? etc.

As you tune around, you'll notice certain kinds of signals tend to be
concentrated together.  Different services are allocated different frequency
ranges.  International broadcasters, for instance, are assigned to ten
frequency bands up and down the dial.  These are:

3900-4000 kHz (75 meter band)         13600-13800 kHz (22 meter band)
5950-6200 kHz (49 meter band)         15100-15600 kHz (19 meter band)
7100-7300 kHz (41 meter band)         17550-17900 kHz (16 meter band)
9500-9900 kHz (31 meter band)         21450-21850 kHz (13 meter band)
11650-12050 kHz (25 meter band)       25600-26100 kHz (11 meter band)

In general, lower frequencies (below 9000 kHz) are better received at night
and for a few hours surrounding dawn and dusk, and higher frequencies (13000
kHz and up) are better received during the day.  The frequencies in between
are transitional, with reception being possible at most times.  In practice,
these guidelines are not absolute, with reception on high frequencies being
possible at night, and lower frequencies can provide decent medium-distance
reception during the day.  Additionally, these numbers can change slightly
with the changing of the sunspot cycle, which affects the ionization of the
upper atmosphere, and hence the propagation of shortwave signals.  In times of
lower sunspot activity, as is the case in 1994-95, higher frequencies are
generally less useful than lower frequencies, and the range of frequencies
used at any given time of day is generally shifted slightly downward.

Hams (who have their own newsgroups, rec.radio.amateur.*) and point-to-point,
or utility communications, fill most of the rest of the frequencies.  The
Confidential Frequency List and The Shortwave Guide mentioned above can
provide more information on what can be heard in these areas, as can utility
loggings in magazines like Monitoring Times and Popular Communications, and in
club bulletins.


o What is SINPO/SIO?

The SINPO code is a way of quantifying reception conditions in a five-digit
code, especially for use in reception reports to broadcasters.  The code
covers Signal strength, Interference (from other stations), Noise (from
atmospheric conditions), Propagation disturbance (or Fading, in the SINFO
code), and Overall.  The code is as follows:

(S)ignal       (I)nterference   (N)oise        (P)ropagation   (O)verall
 5 excellent    5 none           5 none         5 none          5 excellent
 4 good         4 slight         4 slight       4 slight        4 good
 3 fair         3 moderate       3 moderate     3 moderate      3 fair
 2 poor         2 severe         2 severe       2 severe        2 poor
 1 barely aud.  1 extreme        1 extreme      1 extreme       1 unusable

In recent years, many broadcasters have tried to steer listeners away from the
SINPO code and toward the simpler SIO code.  SIO deletes the extremes (1 and
5) and the noise and propagation categories, which were confusing to too many
people to be useful.  In sending reports to stations other than large
international broadcasters who are likely to understand the codes, it is
better to simply describe reception conditions in words.


o Why can't I receive all of the broadcasts listed in Monitoring
  Times/WRTH/Passport/etc.?

This is a fact of life on shortwave.  Because of propagation, antenna
headings, the kind of radio you have, your local environment, etc., you're
never going to be able to hear all the things you find in a list.  The lists
in Monitoring Times, etc., aren't lists of what's being heard in a general
location.  They're lists of everything that you could possibly hear, from a
daily powerhouse like the BBC to a once or twice a year rarity like Bhutan.
They're listed because you *might* hear them, depending on where you are and
the given circumstances, not because they're necessarily being heard outside
of their immediate target area.

If you want lists of what is actually being heard in something roughly
analogous to "your area", the best source for these are the logging sections
of the bulletins of the SWL/DX clubs.  You might want to sample a few club
bulletins to see if they'll help.  The bulletins also offer articles from
experts on many facets of the hobby.


o What are some books or other resources that can help me get started?

There are a number of books dealing with the basics of the hobby.  The most
recent book, one that has been getting good reviews, is *The Shortwave
Listening Guidebook* by Harry Helms.  The book should be easily available from
most shortwave specialty outlets.  It is also being published directly by Mr.
Helms, and is therefore likely to stay in print for a while.


o Where can I find further information?

There are a number of hobby publications available.  Two glossy magazines
which cover the hobby are Monitoring Times and Popular Communications.  They
both cover a number of aspects of the hobby, including international
broadcasts, scanning, pirate radio, QSLing, and Utility broadcasting.
Monitoring Times also contains listings of broadcasts and programs in English,
which gives it a slight edge.  PopComm is the one you're more likely to find
on your local newsstand, although Monitoring Times is starting to show up in
some larger book stores such as Barnes & Noble.

There are many clubs catering to the hobbyist, many of which publish
bulletins.  Many of these groups are part of an all-encompassing group known
as ANARC, the Association of North American Radio Clubs.  ANARC has a list
available of its constituent clubs, listing addresses, what the focus of each
club is, club publications, and current dues.  You can contact them by writing
to ANARC, 2216 Burkey Dr., Wyomissing, PA 19610, USA.  You should include some
form of return postage when asking for the club list.  The WRTH contains
contact addresses for the clubs that constitute ANARC.

ANARC has counterpart organizations in Europe and the south Pacific.  The
European organization is the European DX Council (EDXC).  More information on
their constituent clubs is available for 2 International Reply Coupons from
P.O. Box 4, St. Ives, Huntingdon, PE17 4FE, England.  In the south Pacific, the
organization is the South Pacific Association of Radio Clubs, or SPARC.  They
offer information from P.O. Box 1313, Invercargill, New Zealand.

And, naturally, listening to the radio can provide you with excellent
information on radio.  There are a number of excellent "DX" programs on the
air for the radio hobbyist.  The WRTH contains a comprehensive list of such
shows; Tom Sundstrom also has a list as part of his Shortwave Database
subscription service.  Different shows have different strengths.  DX Party
Line on Ecuador's HCJB is directed toward the beginner, although their "Quito
Log Book" feature provides information of interest to the DXer specializing in
Latin American stations.  Sweden Calling DXers on Radio Sweden is a compendium
of news about shortwave and satellites, increasingly focused on Scandinavia,
including frequency changes, station reactivations and deactivations, and
such. Radio Nederland's Media Network is a slickly produced general-coverage
program.  Radio Havana Cuba's "DXers Unlimited" often offers construction tips
for people who like to do things themselves, especially for antennas.  And
Glenn Hauser's World of Radio, which covers mostly DX tips, is available on an
ever-shifting number of stations and times.


o Addresses

BPI Communications                     WRTH Editorial Office
1515 Broadway                          P.O. Box 9027
New York, NY  10036                    1006 AA Amsterdam
United States                          The Netherlands

Radio Nederland Receiver Guide         Passport to World Band Radio
Engineering Department                 International Broadcast Services, Ltd.
PO Box 222                             Box 300
1200 JG Hilversum                      Penn's Park, PA  18943 USA
The Netherlands
E-mail: [e-mail]

Electronic Equipment Bank              Gilfer Shortwave
137 Church St. N.W.                    52 Park Ave
Vienna, VA  22180 USA                  Park Ridge, NJ  07656 USA
800 368 3270 (orders)                  800 GILFER-1 (445-3371) (orders)
[phone] (local and             [phone] (New Jersey, business
   technical information)                 and technical)
[phone] (FAX)                   Free Catalog
Free catalog

Grove Enterprises                      Radio West
(also Monitoring Times)                850 Anns Way Drive
P.O. Box 98                            Vista, CA  92083 USA
Brasstown, NC 28902 USA                [phone]
800 438-8155 (toll free N. America)    Price list:  US$1
[phone]
E-mail: [e-mail]
Free Catalog

Universal Radio                        Popular Communications
6830 Americana Pkwy.                   76 North Broadway
Reynoldsburg, Ohio  43068 USA          Hicksville, NY  11801 USA
800 431-3939 (toll free N. America)
[phone]
SWL Catalog:  US$1.00

NASWA                                  TRS Consultants
45 Wildflower Road                     PO Box 2275
Levittown, PA 19057                    Vincentown, NJ 08088-2275
Membership costs:  US$25/yr;           [phone]
sample issue  US$2                     [phone] (FAX)
E-mail: [e-mail]                 E-mail: [e-mail]
                                       GEnie E-mail: T.SUNDSTROM
                                       Free catalog.

SPEEDX                                 Canadian International DX Club
P.O. Box 196                           79 Kipps Street
DuBois, PA 15801-0196                  Greenfield Park, PQ
(US$23/yr to USA, C$25/yr to Canada    CANADA J4V 3B1
 others inquire)                       (C$26/yr to Canada, US$25/yr to USA
                                        others inquire)

Klingenfuss Publications               Ontario DX Association
Hagenloker str. 14                     P.O. Box 161, Station A
D-740 00 Tuebingen                     Willowdale, ON
Germany                                CANADA M2N 5S8
[phone]                         [phone] (phone and FAX)
                                       (C$30.76/yr to Canada, US$26/yr to USA
                                        C$41/yr or US$34/yr elsewhere)

DX Computing
232 Squaw Creek Road
Willow Park, TX 76087
[phone]
[phone] (FAX)
America Online: DX Comp
E-mail: [e-mail]
--